Contents

The Theoretical Merger of Super Black Holes and the Emergent Cosmological Singularities Leading to the Big Bang  2

Abstract. 2

1. Introduction. 2
2. The Role of Supermassive Black Holes in Galactic Evolution. 2
3. Galaxy Collapse and Black Hole Mergers: A Theoretical Framework. 3
4. Internal Implosion and the Birth of the Universe. 4
5. Discussion: Implications and Future Research Directions. 4
6. Conclusion. 5

On the Genesis of the Cosmos: Exploring the Supermassive Black Hole Merger Hypothesis. 6

The Theoretical Merger of Super Black Holes and the Emergent Cosmological Singularities Leading to the Big Bang

David Mitchell Rubin's Hypothesis and Its Implications for Cosmic Evolution

Abstract

In this paper, we explore the hypothesis proposed by David Mitchell Rubin, which posits that supermassive black holes at the centers of galaxies may merge as those galaxies collapse to a point where no matter—whether visible or dark—can escape the gravitational pull. This aggregation of supermassive singularities results in a compression of matter so extreme that it may eventually lead to an internal implosion, initiating a rapid expansion event that manifests as what we recognize as the Big Bang. This theory offers an alternative framework to current cosmological models, incorporating dynamic feedback loops between galactic evolution, black hole growth, and the onset of universal expansion. We review existing evidence for supermassive black holes, galaxy collapse dynamics, and potential mechanisms by which a catastrophic implosion could lead to an explosive cosmological event akin to the Big Bang.

1. Introduction

The prevailing cosmological model of the universe’s origin and evolution, the Big Bang Theory, postulates a singularity from which the universe expanded in a rapid, violent burst of energy approximately 13.8 billion years ago. While much evidence supports the idea of an initial singularity, questions remain about the precise mechanisms that could lead to such an event. The theory proposed by David Mitchell Rubin—that the merger of supermassive black holes in collapsing galaxies could lead to an implosion, triggering an expansion event akin to the Big Bang—presents a fascinating rethinking of the very nature of cosmic beginnings.

This paper aims to evaluate Rubin’s hypothesis by considering the dynamics of black hole mergers, galactic collapse, and the implications for the birth of the universe. We will examine the role of supermassive black holes in galaxy evolution, the mechanics of their mergers, and the thermodynamics of matter under extreme compression to determine whether Rubin’s scenario offers a plausible path to the origins of the cosmos.

2. The Role of Supermassive Black Holes in Galactic Evolution

Supermassive black holes (SMBHs), with masses ranging from millions to billions of solar masses, reside at the centers of most large galaxies. Recent observations, including the Event Horizon Telescope’s image of the supermassive black hole at the center of M87, have confirmed the existence of these objects with remarkable precision. Their growth and evolution are intrinsically linked to the formation and dynamics of their host galaxies.

The prevailing theory suggests that SMBHs grow through the accretion of gas and stellar material, as well as through mergers with other black holes during galactic collisions. It is hypothesized that the dynamics of these interactions influence the overall evolution of the galaxy, potentially dictating the rate of star formation, the development of galactic structures, and the subsequent growth of the black hole itself. In cases where galaxies undergo mergers, the SMBHs at their centers are likely to coalesce into a single, even more massive black hole, though this process is highly complex and still the subject of active research.

Rubin's postulate hinges on the idea that as galaxies collapse to a critical density, the interplay of supermassive black holes—each isolated at the core of their respective galaxies—will lead to mergers that trigger a much larger, more cataclysmic event. To explore this possibility, we must first understand the mechanics of these mergers in more detail.

3. Galaxy Collapse and Black Hole Mergers: A Theoretical Framework

When two galaxies collide, their central black holes may begin to interact under the influence of gravity. This interaction generally progresses through a series of phases: initial orbital decay, followed by a slow inspiral and eventual merger. This process is governed by complex gravitational dynamics and the emission of gravitational waves, which have been observed in systems such as the binary black hole mergers detected by LIGO.

As the galaxies merge, the black holes experience a dramatic increase in mass and gravitational pull. If the merging galaxies are sufficiently massive and dense, the combined black hole could eventually grow so large and its gravitational pull so intense that it initiates a collapse of the entire galactic structure—pushing stars, gas, and other forms of matter to extremely high densities. This collapse could result in an irreversible compression of matter, with the black hole at the center becoming the dominant force driving the process.

The compression of matter within these merged supermassive black holes would theoretically continue until the matter reaches a point where the fundamental forces governing the behavior of matter—gravity, electromagnetism, and the strong and weak nuclear forces—cease to be distinguishable. At this point, a quantum mechanical description of the singularity would be required to fully understand the phenomena involved.

4. Internal Implosion and the Birth of the Universe

Rubin’s theory introduces the concept of a final implosion of compressed matter within the supermassive black hole singularity. According to this framework, the continued compression of matter beyond the event horizon reaches a critical threshold where quantum gravitational effects—likely governed by a unified theory of quantum gravity—lead to a catastrophic breakdown of spacetime itself. This implosion would represent the conversion of gravitational potential energy into a high-energy state, causing a sudden and explosive release of energy that results in an expansion of matter and radiation.

This event, which would mark the transition from a singularity to a universe expanding in all directions, could resemble the Big Bang in many respects. The rapid inflation of space would initiate a hot, dense state from which the universe could begin its expansion. The dynamics of this expansion would be governed by the fundamental interactions between particles as they emerge from the high-density state, with cooling and condensation giving rise to the formation of matter and cosmic structures.

The idea that an implosion within a supermassive black hole could trigger a Big Bang-like event offers an intriguing parallel to the singularity at the beginning of the universe. It suggests that our current understanding of cosmological evolution may need to be expanded to account for the possibility that the universe's origin was not the result of a singular, isolated event, but rather the culmination of an ongoing process tied to galactic evolution and black hole dynamics.

5. Discussion: Implications and Future Research Directions

While Rubin’s hypothesis is provocative, it faces significant theoretical challenges that must be addressed in future research. One of the key questions revolves around the conditions required for such an implosion. What specific quantum mechanical or relativistic effects would allow matter within the black hole to escape the gravitational pull and expand? Could the singularity undergo a transition, and if so, what quantum gravity mechanisms would facilitate this event?

Additionally, while we have observed black hole mergers and the consequences of these events in terms of gravitational wave emissions, direct evidence of such an implosion event triggering a universe-scale expansion is beyond current observational capabilities. Nonetheless, advancements in both observational astronomy and theoretical physics may one day provide insights into whether Rubin's model is viable.

In particular, future simulations that incorporate quantum gravity effects and the dynamics of black hole mergers could shed light on the potential for such catastrophic events. Furthermore, examining the broader cosmological implications of Rubin’s hypothesis may help refine our understanding of dark energy, inflation, and the large-scale structure of the universe.

6. Conclusion

David Mitchell Rubin's hypothesis presents an intriguing modification to our understanding of the Big Bang and the nature of the universe's origins. By incorporating the dynamics of supermassive black hole mergers and the possibility of an internal implosion, Rubin’s theory provides a novel way of linking galaxy evolution with the birth of the cosmos. While the concept remains speculative, it encourages a deeper exploration of the interactions between black holes, galaxy formation, and cosmological expansion. Future theoretical work and observations may one day validate or refute this hypothesis, offering new insights into the nature of space, time, and the birth of the universe itself.

On the Genesis of the Cosmos: Exploring the Supermassive Black Hole Merger Hypothesis

Abstract:

The prevailing cosmological model, while robust in its explanations of cosmic expansion and the cosmic microwave background, leaves open questions regarding the initial singularity and the genesis of the Big Bang. This paper explores and expands upon the intriguing hypothesis proposed by David Mitchell Rubin, which posits that the Big Bang is not an ex nihilo creation, but rather a consequence of supermassive black hole (SMBH) mergers within a collapsing pre-Big Bang universe. We delve into the theoretical framework for this model, examining the conditions required for such mergers to initiate a cosmic expansion, and discuss potential observational signatures that could lend credence to this alternative cosmology.

1. Introduction:

The standard ΛCDM model, while successful in explaining many observed cosmological phenomena, encounters a singularity problem at t=0. Extrapolating backwards in time suggests an infinitely dense and hot state, a condition physically untenable. This singularity represents a breakdown in our current understanding of physics. Rubin's hypothesis offers an elegant alternative, suggesting that the Big Bang is not a true beginning, but a transition from a prior phase of the universe.

2. Supermassive Black Hole Mergers and Cosmic Collapse:

Rubin's model hinges on the premise that a prior universe underwent a period of contraction. During this contraction, galaxies, drawn together by increasing gravitational forces, would have experienced accelerated rates of SMBH mergers. Current simulations suggest that galaxy mergers trigger significant SMBH activity and eventual coalescence. In this pre-Big Bang scenario, as the universe collapses, the density of galaxies, and consequently SMBHs, would increase dramatically. The sheer number of SMBHs merging would create a cascade effect, leading to the formation of ever-larger black holes.

3. The Implosion and Expansion:

The crucial element of Rubin's hypothesis is the suggestion that, as the universe approaches a state of extreme compression, the merged super-black holes reach a critical mass and density. At this point, the gravitational forces become so overwhelming that not even light can escape the collective event horizon.¹ However, instead of a complete singularity, we propose that the extreme pressure within this "mega-black hole" leads to an internal implosion. This implosion, distinct from a simple collapse to a singularity, triggers a rebound, a rapid expansion of matter and energy. This expansion, originating from a state of extremely high density but not a singularity, is what we observe as the Big Bang.

4. Theoretical Considerations:

Several key theoretical challenges must be addressed within this framework. Firstly, the physics governing the implosion and subsequent expansion requires further investigation. We hypothesize that at these extreme densities, unknown quantum gravitational effects become dominant, potentially resolving the singularity problem. Secondly, the mechanism for the initial contraction of the pre-Big Bang universe remains an open question. One possibility is that this contraction is part of a cyclic universe model, where expansion is followed by contraction in an endless cycle.

5. Observational Signatures:

While direct observation of the pre-Big Bang universe is likely impossible, there might be indirect observational signatures that could support Rubin's hypothesis. One potential signature is the presence of primordial black holes with masses significantly higher than those predicted by standard structure formation models. These could be remnants of the SMBH mergers that occurred during the cosmic collapse. Another potential signature might be found in the cosmic microwave background (CMB). If the expansion wasn't perfectly uniform, subtle anisotropies in the CMB could reflect the pre-Big Bang structure and the distribution of the merging super-black holes. Further analysis of the CMB, focusing on non-Gaussianity and large-scale anomalies, is warranted.

6. Conclusion:

Rubin's hypothesis, while still in its early stages of development, provides a compelling alternative to the standard Big Bang model. By linking the Big Bang to SMBH mergers within a collapsing pre-Big Bang universe, it offers a potential resolution to the singularity problem. Further theoretical work, focusing on the physics of the implosion and expansion, as well as dedicated observational searches for the proposed signatures, are crucial for determining the validity of this intriguing cosmological model. This research opens exciting new avenues for exploring the ultimate origins of our universe.

Contents

The Rubin Cyclic Universe Hypothesis: Black Hole Mergers as Precursors to Universal Rebirth. 9

Abstract. 9

Introduction. 9

Theoretical Framework. 9

Mathematical Analysis. 9

Challenges and Considerations. 10

Discussion. 10

Conclusion. 10

The Rubin Cyclic Universe Hypothesis: Black Hole Mergers as Precursors to Universal Rebirth

Abstract

This paper examines the theoretical framework proposed by David Mitchell Rubin regarding the role of supermassive black hole mergers in universal cycling. The hypothesis suggests that galactic collapse events leading to black hole mergers may serve as the mechanism for universal rebirth through what we observe as the Big Bang. We analyze the mathematical and physical implications of this theory within the context of current cosmological understanding.

Introduction

The origin and ultimate fate of our universe remain among the most profound questions in modern cosmology. While the Big Bang theory successfully explains many observed phenomena, the preconditions that led to this explosive beginning remain poorly understood. Rubin's hypothesis provides an intriguing mechanism for universal cycling through black hole dynamics.

Theoretical Framework

Rubin's theory posits a sequence of events:

1. As galaxies collapse, their central supermassive black holes merge, creating increasingly massive singular objects.
2. These merged structures continue to accumulate matter and energy from their surrounding space-time.
3. At a critical threshold, the internal pressure and density reach levels that trigger an explosive reversal.
4. This reversal manifests as what we observe as the Big Bang, initiating a new universal cycle.

Mathematical Analysis

Consider a system of n merging black holes, each with mass Mi. The combined event horizon radius R follows:

R = 2G∑(Mi)/c²

where G is the gravitational constant and c is the speed of light.

As R approaches the theoretical maximum radius Rmax, quantum effects become significant. The internal pressure P can be approximated by:

P ≈ (ℏc⁵)/(G²M²)

where ℏ is the reduced Planck constant and M is the total mass.

Challenges and Considerations

Several theoretical challenges must be addressed:

1. Information Paradox: The hypothesis must reconcile with Hawking's information paradox regarding quantum information preservation during black hole evolution.
2. Entropy Considerations: The second law of thermodynamics requires explanation for entropy reduction during the proposed transition.
3. Observable Evidence: Current observational data neither confirms nor refutes this hypothesis, making empirical validation challenging.

Discussion

The Rubin hypothesis provides an elegant solution to the question of universal origins, suggesting a cyclical nature to cosmic existence. This framework aligns with certain aspects of string theory and loop quantum gravity, particularly regarding the behavior of space-time under extreme conditions.

Conclusion

While the Rubin hypothesis remains speculative, it offers a compelling framework for understanding universal cycling through black hole dynamics. Further research is needed to develop observational tests and resolve theoretical inconsistencies with established physical laws.